| Sažetak | Prometnice se kao građevina mogu podijeliti na gornji i donji ustroj; donji ustroj se odnosi
na zemljani trup i objekte poput mostova, vijadukta, obložnih zidova i sl., a cilj mu je da se
preuzme prometno opterećenje i cijela konstrukcija gornjeg ustroja. Gornji ustroj je dio
ceste koji je preuzeo cjelokupno opterećenje, a koje je nastalo pod utjecajem prometa
vozila te ga dalje prenosi na donji ustroj. Najveću opasnost na građevine donjeg ustroja
predstavlja raznoliko djelovanje voda, pa se prilikom projektiranja prometnica u obzir
uzima geološka građa terena, hidrogeološko obilježje terena te načini na koje dolazi do
pojavljivanja vode kako bi se neophodni zahvati i građevine napravili što učinkovitije.
Voda na građevine donjeg ustroja utječe i tijekom građenja i tijekom uporabe. Štetne
učinke vode izazivaju vode stajaćice, vode tekućice, oborinske te podzemne vode, dok se i
smrzavanje izdvaja kao važniji faktor štetnih učinaka na donji ustroj zbog čega dolazi do
smanjivanja nosivosti koje dalje ima izravan utjecaj na gornji ustroj u momentima
odmrzavanja kada dolazi do deformacije poddjelovanjem prometa. Podzemne vode mogu
izazivati klizanje pokosa usjeka i nasipa ili pojavu strujnih tlakova, s obzirom na vrstu
materijala. Stoga je sustav odvodnje i drenaže važno projektirati tako da se podzemne i
površinske vode odvedu s donjeg ustroja najkraćim putem do odredišta na kojem više neće
biti opasnosti za promet. S obzirom na način pojave vode koja se mora odvesti, izražena su
dva sustava odvodnje, odnosno skupljanje i odvodnja površinskih voda te skupljanje i
odvodnja podzemnih voda. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | As a structure, roadways are divided into upper and lower structures, where the lower
structure represents the earth body and objects such as bridges, viaducts, facing walls, etc.,
and its goal is to take over the traffic load and the entire structure of the upper structure.
The upper structure is the part of the road that takes all the loads caused by vehicle traffic
and transfers it to the lower structure. The greatest danger for buildings of the lower
structure is the different effects of water, therefore, when designing roads, the geological
structure of the terrain, the hydrogeological characteristics of the terrain, as well as the way
water appears, should be taken into account in order to make the necessary works and
buildings as high quality as possible. Water affects the lower structure of buildings both
during construction and during use. The harmful action of water causes water liquids,
stagnant water, precipitation and underground water, and freezing is also one of the most
important factors of harmful influence on the lower structure, which results in a reduction
of the load-bearing capacity, which in turn directly affects the upper structure at the time of
thawing, which causes deformation under the action traffic. Groundwater causes the slope
of cuts and embankments to slide or the occurrence of flow pressures, depending on the
type of material. The drainage and drainage system must therefore be designed in such a
way that underground and surface water is taken from the lower structure by the shortest
route to a place where it will no longer pose a danger to traffic. Depending on the form of
water that needs to be removed, there are two drainage systems, namely the collection and
drainage of surface water and the collection and drainage of underground water. |
